The A320, A330, A340 and A380 have no inboard aileron. The double-slotted flaps and extra flap track fairings are present and excellently reproduced. Have fun! fairing - flaps, inboard | fairing assy fwd fixed flap track | fairing track a320 | fwd fairing | n°3 fairing - flaps . HYJLwings do not make this blunder. A320-200 (1987) Spoiler Rudder Elevator Fin MLG & NLG Doors Wing Shroud Box Wing T/E panels Flap Track Fairings Pylon Fairings Nacelle Cowlings Floor Panels Aileron Flaps Horizontal Stabilizer A340-500/-600 (2001) Spoiler Rudder Elevator Fin MLG & NLG Doors Wing Shroud Box Wing T/E panels Flaperons: To Assist with Roll. A320 AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL FILING INSTRUCTIONS Intentionally left blank VOI A320-233 FLEET FI P 2/2 AFM 04 FEB 16. Straight out of the MEL/CDL manual for the 757, The item falls under CDL 27-51-1 which states there are 6 installed [Flap Track Fairings, Remark] on the aircraft and up to one per side may be missing.No fuel burn penality but there are a few small weight penalities . CanadianNorth [Edited 2008-07-28 19:43:15] 1:1.4) Grant agreement no. Search our part database to find out if we can service or repair your part. drain lines, hydraulic cooling, and cameras. sabca.be. inoperative on a flap track fairing, it is recommended to replace it before flight. The little black tube there isn't visible normally, but it looks like the main holders and calmer gum between the wing and movable equipment (Flaps, Spoilers, .). Find the perfect aerodynamic fairing stock photo. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Phoenix didn't!! However, the risk of impact exists for all A320 family aircraft due to the reduced ground clearance A330neo Outer Aileron - Holding Fixture. The A320 basically uses gearboxes and direct geometric linkage The 727 uses gearboxes and jackscrew/ballnut Both above use similar appearing canoes ( superficially viewed that is ) English (selected) español; português; Deutsch; . The A320 products involve high rate production composite components for the A320 Family of single-aisle aircraft. sabca.be. In 2008 heeft SABCA de uitbreiding van haar productievergunning EASA PART21G . 21-00-02 RAM AIR OUTLET FLAP EFFECTIVITY A320 A/C 3201-3259 FLIGHT PLANNING 1. of the outboard flap on the Boeing 777, or a flap chord of 28% and an overlap of 13.5% at the same location on the Airbus A320. programs, structures include various nacelles, flap track fairings, fin fairings and wing leading edges. For the Airbus A320, operators can release their aircraft for a flight with one of the fairings missing. RTM Tools A330neo Fan Cowl - Universal Holding Fixture and Assembly Jig A330neo Outer Aileron - Holding Fixture A350 Flap Track Fairings - Universal Holding Fixture A350 Top Cover - Universal Holding Fixture A350 XWB Spoiler . No thrust gate is required in the continuous, single-slotted flap. Frank Buschmann; Airbus A320-214; OE-IQA full info | OE-IQA photos; Eurowings Europe; Airline: Eurowings Europe; Reg: OE-IQA full info | OE-IQA photos; Aircraft: Airbus A320-214; Serial #: 6992; Photo date: 2018-02-26 . 104 Level 3 For training purpose and internal use. They can be painted or applied with adhesive tape (possibly reflective, useful at night). There are a total of 6 on the aircraft (3 on each wing). A330neo Fan Cowl - Universal Holding Fixture and Assembly Jig. During a recent flight from Copenhagen to Milan in an Airbus A319, one of the flap track fairings were missing from the wing. MCDL-27-03 Slat Track Closing Plate. for each missing flap. The complete deactivation task list for airbus A320 family (aircraft type A318, A319, A320, A321) aircraft fitted with engine CFMB or CFML. No thrust gate is required in the continuous, single-slotted flap. Flaps and Flap Track Fairings When Flaps Fully Extended N ILLUSTRATION ADDED FIGURE Ground Clearances - Flaps and Flap Track Fairings When Flaps Fully Extended This has resulted in incidents and near misses involving A320 family aircraft, and particularly with the A321, whose flap track fairings are larger and, when deployed, are significantly lower than those of A318, A319, or A320 aircraft. 0. This track is located forward of the flap inside the airfoil. MCDL-21-01 Ram Air Inlet Flap. sabca.be. Flap track fairings: 1: completed Flaps: 1: completed Landing gear doors: 2: completed Slats: 1: completed Spoilers and speed brakes: 1: completed Wing root fairing: 2: completed Winglets: 3: . A320 (A319/A320 series (A320 and A320neo)/A320neo family/A321) A330 (Airbus_A330 (A330-200, A330-300, and MRTT)) A340 (-313X/-600/-600HGW) A350; A380; The big difference between this and the ceo are the wings and engines. The modifications enable weight increases of approx 4,700kg (10,000lbs . Note the wing bottom contour by looking at the flap track fairing and the engine pylon. Some aircraft (most notably the A320) have painted flap track fairings to . Open navigation menu. MCDL-27-06 Flap Track Fairing Rear Top Cover and Tail Cone 14 DEC 13 MCDL-27-07 Rubber Seal under Slat 14 DEC 13 MCDL-27-08 Seal Between Inboard and Outboard Flap 03 DEC 09 Tech Log - A320 Flap tracking fairing missing - Takeoff performance? I am a real world pilot and flying the A320 Family. leg fairing doors Tailplane / Elevator attachment fittings--Flap track fairings Elevator--Inner and outer flaps Elevator hinge arms--Spoilers and Airbrakes Tailplane / Fuselage fairings--Aileron Cabin / Cargo . The A320, A330, A340 and A380 have no inboard aileron. MCDL-27-01 Flap Track Fairing. Close suggestions Search Search. fairing assy-aft fixed flap track 3 (lh) | fairing assy-aft, flap track 3 (lh) | fairing assy-aft,fixed,flap track 3 (lh . buy, exchange, loan, repair: 8: ns, sv: a321: d5754060101037a: fairing-assy fw dfixed flap tra . Check out there is a part of flap track fairing missing. 21-00-02 RAM AIR OUTLET FLAP EFFECTIVITY A320 A/C 3201-3259 FLIGHT PLANNING 1. Exept there are missing red dots on the tip of the flap track fairings on the wing. Flap canoe. Aircraft Flap Track - 16 images - sliding hangar doors india shipyard hangar doors aircraft hangar, mh370 how air safety sleuths determined the flap was retracted, using thermal spray for repair of service damaged parts, , those of slat tracks and flap track fairings . So far, we have taken classes in Aircraft Structures, Civil Aviation Safety, European Aviation Organizations, and Airline Economics. In this part I'll focus only on the differences between the A320 and the A321: Fuselage length. MCDL-27-05 Access Panel for Bearings at Elevator. A320 (A319/A320 series (A320 and A320neo)/A320neo family/A321) A330 (Airbus_A330 (A330-200, A330-300, and MRTT)) A340 (-313X/-600/-600HGW) A350; A380; REMOVAL & INSTALLATION, FLAP TRACK FAIRING: RQST* We do not currently have a manufacturing solution for this item but will do our best to source it. The lost flap track fairing is 4.4 meters long, 60 centimetres wide and 75 centimetres high. The A320 products involve high rate production composite components for the A320 Family of single-aisle aircraft. of the A320 delivered to our customer Messier-Bugatti. This info from AFM • Performance: The following performance penalties are applicable: ‐ Takeoff and approach climb performance limiting weights are reduced by 1 180 kg (2 601 lb) ‐ En route performance limiting weight is reduced by 1 620 kg (3 571 lb) ‐ Fuel consumption is increased by 3.14 %. WTT on PFSE using realistic A320 flap geometry in AWB \ model and design of very realistic A320 FSE WT model to provide representative reference Airbus A320 FSE FSE model (scale approx. Extractor - pivot pin, flap track fairing: RQST* We do not currently have a manufacturing solution for this item but will do our best to source it. MF30P163000054-501: FLAP . credit: abbottaerospace.com. Though they look similar externally, the 3 types mentioned employ vastly different methods of lowering/raising the T/E flaps. 21-00-02 RAM AIR OUTLET FLAP EFFECTIVITY A320 A/C 3201-3259 FLIGHT PLANNING 1. Culture and recreation. Answer (1 of 20): Generally speaking, they don't. The things you have in mind, more visibly in orange (plus one grey) on this easy Jet A320, are flap track fairings. MASTER CONFIGURATION DEVIATION LIST FLIGHT CONTROL A320 FLAP TRACK FAIRING AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL ILLUSTRATION FLAP TRACK FAIRING FOR INFORMATION ONLY Ident. Despite common misconception, the A320 is not equipped with a fuel dump system unlike the A330/340, to save weight and minimize overall complexity. Reply. This model is an A320 CEO CFM engines for sure, you can see the engine blades, the design and the smaller flap track fairing just behind the engine at the end of the wing, NEO doesn't have that. External Cleaning Wing Top Surface (Both Sides) Wing Lower Surface (Including Flap Track Fairing) (Both Sides) Wingtip Devices . The flaps are raised and lowered via aircraft hydraulics inside the torpedo-shaped bodies under the wing, called track fairings. You can see the black stripe at the right wing outer flap track fairing! These canoe-shaped pieces house linkages and mechanisms that connect the flaps t. The wing configuration . A320 AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL FILING INSTRUCTIONS VOI A320-233 FLEET FI P 1/2 AFM 04 FEB 16 Please incorporate this revision as follow: . inoperative on a flap track fairing, it is recommended to replace it before flight. In addition to components made in 125ºC and 175ºC cure epoxy, the department has , for many years, manufactured . Wikimho. NOTE 2: When dispatching with a wing tip fence Answer (1 of 26): They are called flap fairings. Regards, Lucas. Some flap track fairings are designed to act as anti-shock bodies, . UnitDeath 1 year(s) ago. Currently 43 A320ceos form the majority of the fleet with more on order despite the arrival of the first pair of A320neos. 604013 ICAS 2021, Shanghai, China Part Number Descriptions Available deal types Number of available parts Available conditions Aircraft platforms; D5755105401100A Advertisements. Reduce ENROUTE LIMIT WT by 159 lbs. Since the track and link lengths are roughly proportional to flap travel in any given support system, the high percentage of overlap makes the mechanism design quite a challenge, and hiding the larger I found a post on Airliners.net, regarding a B757:. @A320 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS - AIRPORT AND MAINTENANCE PLANNING HIGHLIGHTS Revision No. Air Conditioning System - ATA 21 . HM09-4650215: RIG PIN . A320 AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL TRANSMITTAL LETTER VO1 A320-233 FLEET TRL P 1/2 AFM 04 FEB 16 Issue date: 04 FEB 16 . 1. This has resulted in incidents and near misses involving A320 family aircraft, and particularly with the A321, whose flap track fairings are larger and, when deployed, are significantly lower than those of A318, A319, or A320 aircraft. A-320 Flap Track Fairing. A330 Flap Track Fairings shortened - Universal Holding Fixture. Support, protect and make the flap actuation mechanism's casing more aerodynamic. The model is further equipped with flap track fairings and pylon end fairings, slat tracks, the slat horn and the de-icing pipe. Flap Track Others Aircraft Fairings Material Type Outlook (Revenue, USD . Aircraft Fairing Comprehensive Study by Type (Belly Fairing, Flap Track Fairing, Engine Cowling Fairing, Vertical Fin Fairing, Tail Cones Fairing, Others), Application (Flight Control Surface, Cockpit, Wings, Fuselage, Engine, Landing Gear), Platform (A320, B737, B777, A350XWB, A320 Neo, Others), Distribution Channels (OEMs, Aftermarkets), Material (Composites Material, Metal, Alloy), Aircraft . Edit: If you want a true technical answer, I'm not sure what Airbus uses for terminology but in the B737-100/200 maintenance manual the official name is "flap track fairing". 2 is a bottom, rear, left side perspective view thereof; FIG. for each missing flap. 25 - 1 25: EQUIPMENT / FURNISHINGS For more information contact: Ben.Tschirhart@ATSmro.com +1 425 319 7893 ATSmro.com AIR OUTLET ATA Chapter: 25-11 A flap is a high-lift device used to reduce the stalling speed of an aircraft wing at a given weight. I7 8GB RAM GeForce NVIDIA 1660TI 6GB VRAM Graphics 4K . Volaris has never operated any other aircraft type than the A320 family, with the vast majority of these being the base model A320-200. We take your tooling requests, and source the items on your behalf. NOTE 2: When dispatching with a wing tip fence As the name suggests, a flaperon is a device that is both an aileron and flap. Refer to MCDL-27-01 Illustration Flap Track Fairing LAN A320-233 FLEET AFM A MCDL-27-01 P 1/2 23 NOV 10 24. - 27-51-01A SFCC Flap Channel inoperative: discuss: - 27-64-01A Spoiler 5 inoperative: discuss: Now you're sitting on your Aircraft and before boarding you discover: ANTI ICE WING pb-sw ON light is inoperative: actions and discuss: one of the LANDING LIGHT is stuck in extended position: actions and discuss: As regards the manufacture of pressurised floors at the Brussels plant and of flap track fairings at the Lummen plant, both halted for the last two years, it is now planned to dismantle and . MCDL-23-01 Static Discharger. 4.83. Applied the usual fuel penalty corrections as per CDL. This has resulted in incidents and near misses involving A320 family aircraft, and particularly with the A321, whose flap track fairings are larger and, when deployed, are significantly lower than those of A318, A319, or A320 aircraft. A320 Outer Flap Load introduction and test requests for CFRP Multi Spar Flap. Typical Structural Repair Manual for A320. . Allow the cross-sectional area to change smoothly in accord. Airbus A320 Family Sharklet, Wing to Body Fairing, Ram-Air Inlet, Outboard Flap, Cabin, Passenger Luggage Space Upgrade | Airbus A330/340 Spoiler, Flap Track Fairing | Airbus A350 XWB Wingtip, Winglet, Spoiler, Blocker Doors, Translating Sleeves, Cabin | Blended Winglet | Boeing 737-300/500Boeing 737-700/800/900/900ER . and flaps, a deployed aileron, the horizontal and vertical tail planes and the operational IAE V2500 engine with nacelle strake. This is owing to increasing production and rising demand of wide-body airliner such as A320, B787, B737 and others. 2. of the A320 delivered to our customer Messier-Bugatti. They are called flap track fairings which protects the flap control mechanisms from outside environment and most importantly, they reduce the drag that can result from the exposed . It does not provide any fancy motion but deploys the flap from stowed to full extension. The A320, A330, A340 and A380 have no inboard aileron. However, the risk of impact exists for all A320 family aircraft due to the reduced ground clearance Configuration Deviation List (CDL) for A320 Family Aircraft. Swiss for the Fenixsim Airbus A320-200. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. MASTER CONFIGURATION DEVIATION LIST FLIGHT CONTROL A320 FLAP TRACK FAIRING AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL ILLUSTRATION FLAP TRACK FAIRING FOR INFORMATION ONLY Ident. PART 2: A319/A320 NEO SAMPLE MOULDS. Boeing and Airbus both use similarly structured flap fairings. ILLUSTRATION ADDED FIGURE Ground Clearances - Flaps and Flap Track Fairings When Flaps Fully Extended R ILLUSTRATION REVISED FIGURE Ground Clearances - Flaps and Flap Track Fairings When Flaps Fully Extended R REVISED ILLUSTRATION TO INCLUDE PW 1100G AND CFM LEAP-1A ENGINES IN THE TABLE. However, the risk of impact exists for all A320 family aircraft due to the reduced ground clearance The port side of our Alitalia Airbus A320-214, EI-DTB, cn 3815, parked at Rome-Fiumicino after a flight from Athens. Just submit your items, and we do the rest. PIN FLAP RIG A320: 1: 98F27508225000: PIN SET-FLAP FAIRING: 1: 98L27508481000: PIN SET - NEUTRAL SETTING, FLAP: 2: 98S27003011000: SAFETY PIN FLAP ACTUATOR: 5: AB27001-M9U: . Refer to MCDL-27-01 Illustration Flap Track Fairing LAN A320-233 FLEET AFM A MCDL-27-01 P 1/2 23 NOV 10 24. 0. - Recently had to depart with a Flap track fairing missing. The A321 has five additional smaller flap track fairings compared to the A319 and the A320. Wing flap structure. These also serve a dual purpose of improving aerodynamic flow under the wing. Part Number Description: A380 FLAP TRACK FAIRING Rating: C8 ATA Chapter: 57-57 Send request Aircraft / Engine: B737NG Part Number: 737-0010-1032 . A320 OSC - Universal Holding Fixtures. No need to register, buy now! If you do not see your part request here please call us on 01799 516 495 to speak to an advisor, our capability is updated frequently. and also look at how this new mould compares to the previous NG Models A321 (the aforementioned HYJLwings one). Build Log Tian Sheng Airbus A320 - Build & Modifications R/C Blogs 27 - Jun 01/12 LOCATIONS CHG CODE DESCRIPTIONS OF CHANGE CHAPTER 1 R . Answer (1 of 5): Good question. Flap Track Moveable Fairing Pivot Cover ALL 04 FEB 16. It was of the left-wing and covered the mechanical part of the wing flap. Some flap track fairings are designed to act as anti-shock bodies, . : MCDL-27-01-00006236.0001001 / 23 NOV 09 Criteria: SA For dispatch conditions . From the Greece-Italy 2012 trip of Earl . During the early definition phase, the configurators wanted a very long, thin wing, in order to achieve the lift and drag performance promised to the airlines. I worked on the trailing edge team at the time. 25 - 1 25: EQUIPMENT / FURNISHINGS For more information contact: Ben.Tschirhart@ATSmro.com +1 425 319 7893 ATSmro.com AIR OUTLET ATA Chapter: 25-11 Flap track fairings and outboard landing light on a 737-500. REQUIREMENTS 2. . Training Manual AIRBUS A320 ATA 51 AL 57 ESTRUCTURA ATA Spec. However, McDonnell Douglas aircraft have vertical flap fairings that house the mechanical gadgetry that makes . What are flap track fairings and what purpose do they serve on an airplane? The rest of the fleet consists of a . Extractor Flap Spigot - A320 Tracks 2. 28 - May 01/14 LOCATIONS CHG CODE DESCRIPTIONS OF CHANGE CHAPTER 1 R Section 1-1 R Subject 1-1-0 R Purpose R PART EFFECTIVITY ADDED/REVISED/DELETED Section 1-2 N Subject 1-2-0 N Glossary N CHAPTER 2 R Section 2-1 R Subject 02-01-00 D Subject 2-1 . . A320 Test Pilot at Aerofly FS2! 1 is a bottom, front, right side perspective view of an aircraft right-side wing flap fairing showing our new design, the aircraft left-side wing flap fairing being a mirror image thereof; FIG. My specialty is flap actuation. Part Number Descriptions Available deal types Number of available parts Available conditions Aircraft platforms; D5755105401100A The designed twist distribution for the flight case is already A350 Flap Track Fairings - Universal Holding Fixture Notice the flap track fairings? The Short Field Performance improvement package was developed in 2005/6 to allow GOL airlines to operate their 737-800s into the 1,465m (4,800ft) Santos Dumont airport. fairing - flaps, inboard | fairing assy fwd fixed flap track | fairing track a320 | fwd fairing | n°3 fairing - flaps . | Various Decal changes | Various base texture Additions and colour changes 8K and 4K resolution available.If an Update by Fenix rolls out the 8K texture got priority. close menu Language. . The flap track fairings are not obligatory for safe operation of an aircraft. 528- ( ), Air Precision, Nav light ALL196-+++, Airbus A319/320, Thermal Blanket 2738M38G01, Airbus A319/320, Bleed Air . PART 1: A319/A320 CEO SAMPLE MOULDS. 7 is a rear elevation view thereof. Flap track fairings: 1: completed Flaps: 1: completed Landing gear doors: 2: completed Slats: 1: completed Spoilers and speed brakes: 1: completed Wing root fairing: 2: completed Winglets: 3: . Registrations: HB-JLP (Allschwil) Features: Swiss custom Decals, Logos, Cabin etc. Part Number Description: A320 FLAP - NEO Rating: C8 . This has resulted in incidents and near misses involving A320 family aircraft, and particularly with the A321, whose flap track fairings are larger and, when deployed, are significantly lower than those of A318, A319, or A320 aircraft. Neither Phoenix or Aeroclassics have ever produced an accurate Sharklet equipped A321 wing, instead choosing to reuse their A320 wing inaccurately. A330 Aileron - Holding Fixture. buy, exchange, loan, repair: 8: ns, sv: a321: d5754060101037a: fairing-assy fw dfixed flap tra . fairing assy-aft fixed flap track 3 (lh) | fairing assy-aft, flap track 3 (lh) | fairing assy-aft,fixed,flap track 3 (lh . @A320/A320NEO AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS - AIRPORT AND MAINTENANCE PLANNING HIGHLIGHTS Revision No. Preparation of the Aircraft for Flight after Damage to Flap-Track Fairing Seals: 57-55-00-040-004-A: CDL 27-14, CDL 27-15: Preparation of the Aircraft for Flight with . A330 Center Hinge Fitting - RTM Tools. 2. Evaluation of A350 CFRP Wing Design Concept. Description: FIG. A320 OSC - Universal Holding Fixtures A330 Flap Track Fairings shortened - Universal Holding Fixture . Fairing Flap Repairs AIRCRAFT COMPOSITE STRUCTURE REPAIR MCDL-21-03 Ram Air Inlet Leading Edge. MCDL-27-06 Flap Track Fairing Rear Top Cover and Tail Cone. sabca.be. Ask Patents; Project Management; Quantitative Finance. As said it is basically just a fairing to help streamline the flap mechanism, as well as protect it from dirt etc. Some flap track fairings have flashy tips, which are for preventing accidents during ground handling operations, e.g. Study Resources . thrust gate on the Boeing 757 was provided by a single-slotted flap in between the inboard and outboard double-slotted flaps. Part Number. @A320 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS - AIRPORT AND MAINTENANCE PLANNING OPERATING CONDITIONS 6-1-0 Engine Exhaust Velocities and Temperatures **ON A/C A320-200 A320neo Engine Exhaust Velocities and Temperatures **ON A/C . en Change Language. A350 XWB-900 Spoiler, Aileron, Droop Panel, Flap Support structure, Fairing Integration, Kinematical Elements design concepts. Share Improve this answer edited May 10, 2019 at 11:30 If Airbus's FlySmart has the ability to select Flap Track Fairing missing as a CDL item, then I guess it's OK and this whole situation is just a function of . : MCDL-27-01-00006236.0001001 / 23 NOV 09 Criteria: SA For dispatch conditions . 2. This is due to the second set of flaps which its smaller siblings do not have. Answer (1 of 30): Just to summarize and put into simpler words what some have said here, they are known as flap fairings and have two main purposes: 1. Design and analysis of A350 Flap Track Fairings and Support Structure for SAAB - Linkoping. With a fully researched tooling database of over 600,000 items, across multiple aircraft types available to you, we are in a perfectly placed position to get you what you need on time and on budget. 3 a 4: 4: 98D57004050000: SPANNER FLAP TRACK 2 AND 3 BEARING: 4: 98D57004096000: EXTRACTOR FLAP SPIGOT A321 TRACKS 2 & 3: 3: . Short-field Performance Enhancement Program. by belt loaders. Reduce ENROUTE LIMIT WT by 159 lbs. . This mechanism is light and does not require any flap fairings. They might otherwise be referred to as Whitcomb Bumps or Kuechemann Carrots, which are slightly different. Before discussing hooked-track supports, a discussion about the Boeing 707 circular—arc—flap support track is in order. In 2008 heeft SABCA de uitbreiding van haar productievergunning EASA PART21G . thrust gate on the Boeing 757 was provided by a single-slotted flap in between the inboard and outboard double-slotted flaps. Fairing Flap Track 4 AIRCRAFT COMPOSITE STRUCTURE REPAIR. Nippon Cargo Boeing 747-800F (JA14KZ, built 2013) lost a 4,4 x 0,6 x 0,75 meter flap fairing while landing at Tokyo-Narita Intl AP (RJAA), Japan. Language; United States (en-US) Germany (de-DE) Spain (es-ES) France (fr-FR) Italy (it-IT) Browsing; Business. Posts: 38 A-320 Flap Track Fairing Hi! As regards the manufacture of pressurised floors at the Brussels plant and of flap track fairings at the Lummen plant, both halted for the last two years, it is now planned to dismantle and .